The Four Pillars of Religion

The foundational Hadith of Jibril presents religion as four equal pillars:
Al-Islam — the five external practices: testimony, prayer, zakah, fasting, and pilgrimage.
Al-Iman — faith in God, His angels, His books, His messengers, the Last Day, and divine decree.
Al-Ihsan — to worship God as though you see Him, knowing that even if you do not see Him, He sees you.
Knowledge of the Signs of the Hour — the fourth pillar, and the vessel that carries the other three. This is the pillar that Fiqh al-Tahawwulat is built upon. The other three have been abundantly served by scholars across centuries — this fourth has received insufficient attention, despite the Prophet ﷺ emphasising it as an equal and essential pillar.